Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson was born on 19 June 1964 in Manhattan, New York City, to Stanley Johnson, who was studying economics at Columbia University, and Charlotte Fawcett, an artist with a distinguished lineage—her father, Sir James Fawcett, had been a prominent barrister and former president of the European Commission of Human Rights.
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| Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |
| In office 24 July 2019 – 6 September 2022 | |
| Monarch | Elizabeth II |
| Deputy | Dominic Raab |
| Preceded by | Theresa May |
| Succeeded by | Liz Truss |
| Leader of the Conservative Party | |
| In office 23 July 2019 – 5 September 2022 | |
| Preceded by | Theresa May |
| Succeeded by | Liz Truss |
| Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs | |
| In office 13 July 2016 – 9 July 2018 | |
| Prime Minister | Theresa May |
| Preceded by | Philip Hammond |
| Succeeded by | Jeremy Hunt |
| Mayor of London | |
| In office 3 May 2008 – 9 May 2016 | |
| Deputy |
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| Preceded by | Ken Livingstone |
| Succeeded by | Sadiq Khan |
| Member of Parliament for Uxbridge and South Ruislip | |
| In office 7 May 2015 – 12 June 2023 | |
| Preceded by | John Randall |
| Succeeded by | Steve Tuckwell |
| Member of Parliament for Henley | |
| In office 7 June 2001 – 4 June 2008 | |
| Preceded by | Michael Heseltine |
| Succeeded by | John Howell |
| Shadow Cabinet portfolios | |
| 2004 | Arts |
| 2005–2007 | Higher Education |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson
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| Citizenship |
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| Political party | Conservative |
| Spouses | (1987–1993) Marina Wheeler (m. 1993; div. 2020) Carrie Symonds (m. 2021) |
| Parents |
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| Relatives | Johnson family |
| Residence | Brightwell Manor |
| Education |
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| Occupation |
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Notably, Boris Johnson is one of the only British prime ministers to have held American citizenship.
Soon after his birth, the Johnson family returned to the United Kingdom. They first settled in Summertown, Oxford, where Johnson’s younger sister, Rachel, was born in 1965. The family later moved to Crouch End, London, and briefly to Washington, DC, before relocating to Norwalk, Connecticut, in 1967, where his younger brother Leo was born. The family eventually returned to the UK in 1969, settling on the West Nethercote Farm estate in Somerset. Due to his father’s frequent absences, Johnson was primarily raised by his mother, assisted by au pairs.
As a child, Johnson was reserved and academically inclined, though he faced hearing challenges that required multiple surgeries. Encouraged to pursue intellectual endeavors, he developed a close bond with his siblings, as he had few friends outside the family. During the early 1970s, the family relocated several times, including a move to Uccle, Brussels, where Johnson attended the European School and became fluent in French. After his mother experienced a nervous breakdown, the children returned to the UK in 1975, enrolling at Ashdown House, a preparatory boarding school in East Sussex. Here, Johnson developed interests in rugby, Latin, and Ancient Greek, subjects that would later shape his academic and intellectual pursuits.
Johnson’s parents divorced in 1980, and his mother settled in Notting Hill, London, while the children spent considerable time under her care.
Education at Eton and Oxford (1977–1987)
In 1977, Johnson won a King’s Scholarship to Eton College, where he adopted the middle name "Boris" and became known for his eccentric and highly individualistic personality. Though he was often criticized for being lazy, tardy, and sometimes complacent, Johnson was popular among his peers, who were largely drawn from Britain’s upper classes. He excelled academically in English and Classics, winning multiple prizes, and took on leadership roles as secretary of the debating society and editor of the school newspaper. In 1981, he was appointed to Pop, an elite group of school prefects, which signified his growing influence within the school community.
Following Eton, Johnson took a gap year in Australia, teaching English and Latin at Timbertop, a campus of Geelong Grammar School. This experience enriched his worldview and broadened his cultural understanding. In 1983, he commenced studies in Literae Humaniores (Classics) at Balliol College, Oxford, a rigorous program emphasizing ancient languages, literature, philosophy, and history, laying the intellectual foundations for his future career in journalism and politics.
At Oxford, Johnson was active in rugby as a tighthead prop and joined the Bullingdon Club, a society notorious for its lavish, sometimes destructive parties. His involvement in the Bullingdon Club would later attract public scrutiny, especially a photograph showing him alongside David Cameron in formal club attire. Johnson also engaged in student politics, becoming secretary of the Oxford Union in 1984 and, after an unsuccessful first attempt, winning the presidency of the Oxford Union in 1986. He graduated with an upper second-class degree, though he had aspired to a first.
During his Oxford years, Johnson developed close personal relationships, including a romance with Allegra Mostyn-Owen, with whom he became engaged, and cultivated a circle of influential peers, shaping his social and political networks.
Early Journalism Career (1987–1999)
In 1987, Johnson married Allegra Mostyn-Owen and began working at The Times as a graduate trainee, thanks in part to family connections. His tenure ended in scandal after he fabricated a quote regarding the discovery of Edward II’s palace, resulting in his dismissal.
Johnson then joined The Daily Telegraph, where he quickly gained recognition for his distinctive, literary writing style, often addressing readers as “my friends.” In 1989, he was posted to Brussels to cover the European Commission, becoming a vocal Eurosceptic. His articles, which became known as "euromyths," often exaggerated or satirized EU regulations, contributing to the growing anti-EU sentiment in Britain. Though popular with readers, these writings were controversial, with critics accusing Johnson of spreading misinformation.
In his personal life, Johnson’s first marriage ended in 1990, and by 1993, he married Marina Wheeler, a barrister whose views influenced Johnson’s positions on liberal social issues, including climate change and LGBT rights. During this period, he also authored The Perils of the Pushy Parents: A Cautionary Tale, highlighting the pressures of the British education system.
From 1994 to 1999, Johnson served as assistant editor and chief political columnist at The Daily Telegraph and contributed to The Spectator, gaining fame for his sharp commentary and occasional controversial remarks. He also dabbled in television and literature, laying the groundwork for his dual career in media and politics.
Entry into Politics: MP for Henley (2001–2008)
Johnson’s formal political career began when he was elected Member of Parliament for Henley, Oxfordshire, in the 2001 general election. Leveraging his media fame and charismatic public persona, he won over voters despite mixed reactions within the Conservative Party. As MP, he engaged in local campaigns, such as opposing hospital closures and supporting the air ambulance service.
However, Johnson’s parliamentary performance was often criticized for inconsistent attendance and superficial contributions. He supported liberal measures such as the Gender Recognition Act 2004 and the repeal of Section 28, while also endorsing the controversial Iraq War, later describing it as a "colossal mistake."
During this period, Johnson faced personal scandals, including a highly publicized affair with Petronella Wyatt, which resulted in his dismissal as Conservative vice-chairman and shadow arts minister. Despite these controversies, he retained prominence within the party and continued writing for The Spectator and The Daily Telegraph.
Mayor of London (2008–2016)
In 2007, Boris Johnson was selected as the Conservative candidate for Mayor of London and won the 2008 election with 43% of first-preference votes, defeating incumbent Ken Livingstone. His campaign emphasized reducing youth crime, enhancing public transport, and modernizing the city’s bus network, particularly the replacement of articulated buses with a modern Routemaster. Johnson’s personality and humor were key factors in his electoral success, often attracting votes from citizens who appreciated his charisma and approachability.
First Term (2008–2012)
During his first term, Johnson undertook administrative reforms at City Hall, removing staff associated with Livingstone’s administration and appointing new leadership. He continued writing for The Daily Telegraph, earning additional income, though controversy arose over his charitable commitments. His tenure was also marked by personal scandals, allegations of cronyism, and scrutiny over public expenses.
Despite these challenges, Johnson implemented several initiatives, including the public bicycle scheme (“Boris Bikes”), development of the New Routemaster buses, and a cable car over the Thames. He also maintained a tough stance on public transport regulations, including banning alcohol on transit. While he championed policies like the London Living Wage and proposed amnesties for illegal migrants, some cycling and road safety initiatives faced criticism for limited effectiveness.
Second Term (2012–2016)
Re-elected in 2012, Johnson oversaw key projects, including the 2012 Summer Olympics, infrastructure improvements, and modernization of the London Underground, such as the replacement of ticket offices with automated systems. His administration maintained high visibility in media and public life, though it continued to face scrutiny over personal behavior and decision-making.
During this period, Johnson’s leadership focused on balancing public projects, economic development, and civic engagement, solidifying his image as a charismatic, if sometimes controversial, public figure.
Political Summary
Boris Johnson’s career trajectory demonstrates a blend of media influence, personal charisma, and political ambition, spanning journalism, parliamentary service, and executive leadership as Mayor of London. While his tenure has been marked by personal and professional controversies, his ability to engage the public, navigate complex political environments, and influence national debates—most notably Brexit—has left an indelible mark on contemporary British politics.
Controversies and Ethical Scrutiny
Boris Johnson’s career has been punctuated by a number of controversies, many of which have challenged both his political judgment and public credibility. One notable episode involved his relationship with businesswoman Jennifer Arcuri. Arcuri’s company received government grants and access to official trade missions, raising questions about potential conflicts of interest. An investigation by the Independent Office for Police Conduct in 2019 concluded that Johnson had failed to declare the relationship. While no criminal charges were brought against him, the report suggested that his omissions may have breached the London Assembly’s code of conduct, highlighting the persistent scrutiny over his ethical standards.
Role in the Brexit Campaign (2015–2016)
Johnson’s political profile soared during the 2016 Brexit referendum, where he emerged as a leading advocate for the “Leave” campaign. His prominence during the referendum significantly shaped his subsequent rise to national leadership. However, his campaign was not without controversy. Johnson faced backlash for comments implying that U.S. President Barack Obama’s opposition to Brexit stemmed from an “ancestral dislike” of Britain. He was also criticized for statements about Turkey potentially joining the European Union, which some argued exaggerated immigration risks. Despite such controversies, Johnson’s vocal support for Brexit solidified his reputation as a determined, populist politician and positioned him for the Conservative Party leadership.
Tenure as Foreign Secretary (2016–2018)
Following the referendum, Prime Minister Theresa May appointed Johnson as Foreign Secretary. His tenure in the role was characterized by several high-profile diplomatic missteps. Comments about the British-Iranian detainee Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe drew widespread condemnation, as did his statements regarding Russia and Saudi Arabia. Critics argued that Johnson’s style, often blunt and off-the-cuff, occasionally strained relationships with international allies. In 2018, frustrated with May’s approach to Brexit, Johnson resigned from the position, returning to the backbenches and positioning himself as a vocal critic of her government’s EU strategy.
Conservative Party Leadership and Premiership (2019–2022)
Johnson launched his bid for Conservative Party leadership in June 2019, campaigning on a promise to deliver Brexit by the end of October 2019, with or without a deal. He won decisively, securing 66% of the vote and assuming the office of Prime Minister on 24 July 2019, becoming the first British prime minister born outside the United Kingdom.
First Term: July–December 2019
Johnson’s initial months in office were dominated by Brexit negotiations. His government focused on renegotiating the Withdrawal Agreement, particularly targeting the removal of the Irish backstop. After intense discussions with the European Union, the backstop was replaced by the Northern Ireland Protocol. In a controversial move, Johnson requested the Queen to prorogue Parliament, limiting parliamentary debate over a potential no-deal Brexit. This action was later ruled unlawful by the UK Supreme Court.
Upon taking office, Johnson reshuffled his Cabinet, dismissing 11 senior ministers and accepting the resignations of several others. Key appointments included Dominic Raab as Foreign Secretary, Sajid Javid as Chancellor, and Priti Patel as Home Secretary. Despite his strong mandate, internal dissent remained, exemplified by MP Phillip Lee crossing the floor to the Liberal Democrats and the expulsion of 21 Conservative MPs who opposed his Brexit strategy.
The December 2019 general election was a turning point. Johnson’s Conservatives secured a resounding victory, obtaining a parliamentary majority of 80 seats, with the slogan “Get Brexit Done” resonating with voters. This win gave Johnson a clear mandate to pursue his Brexit agenda.
Second Term: December 2019 – September 2022
Following the election, Johnson conducted a second Cabinet reshuffle, which included Rishi Sunak replacing Sajid Javid as Chancellor and the removal of several other ministers, including Northern Ireland Secretary Julian Smith. This term would become dominated by the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, alongside ongoing Brexit implementation and internal party management.
COVID-19 Pandemic Response
Johnson’s handling of the pandemic drew both praise and criticism. Critics argued that the initial response was slow and inconsistent, with lockdowns delayed relative to other European nations. Johnson himself contracted COVID-19 in March 2020, spending several days in intensive care, which temporarily removed him from government oversight. Controversy continued when his senior advisor, Dominic Cummings, traveled to Durham during lockdown despite exhibiting symptoms, leading to public outrage and damaging trust in the government’s messaging.
Despite these challenges, Johnson oversaw the launch of a mass vaccination program in December 2020, one of the fastest in Europe, which played a key role in controlling the pandemic’s impact.
Partygate Scandal
Perhaps the most damaging domestic scandal of Johnson’s premiership was Partygate, which came to light in December 2021. Allegations emerged that Johnson, along with other Downing Street staff, had attended social gatherings during COVID-19 lockdowns, in direct violation of the government’s own rules. Initially, Johnson denied wrongdoing, but as evidence—including leaked emails and video footage—surfaced, he admitted attending some events, claiming they were “work events.”
The Metropolitan Police investigation in early 2022 culminated in Johnson being fined in April 2022, making him the first sitting UK prime minister to be sanctioned for breaking the law. This scandal eroded his political authority, contributing to multiple ministerial resignations, including Chancellor Rishi Sunak and Health Secretary Sajid Javid. By July 2022, a cascade of departures from his Cabinet forced Johnson to announce his resignation as prime minister, although he initially attempted to remain in office.
Other Key Scandals and Controversies
Johnson’s tenure also saw additional controversies that impacted his credibility:
Starmer Slur Controversy: He falsely accused Labour leader Keir Starmer of failing to prosecute Jimmy Savile, later retracting the claim.
Chris Pincher Scandal: Allegations of sexual misconduct by Deputy Chief Whip Chris Pincher prompted mass resignations and heightened calls for Johnson’s resignation.
International Criticisms: Policies such as the Rwanda asylum deal and handling of relations with China and Hong Kong drew both domestic and international criticism.
Environmental and Foreign Policy Initiatives
Despite domestic controversies, Johnson pursued several environmental and international initiatives. In November 2020, he unveiled a 10-point plan for a “green industrial revolution”, committing to end petrol and diesel car sales by 2030 and expanding offshore wind energy. Critics, however, argued that his government did not go far enough in addressing climate change, particularly regarding air travel and tax incentives.
In foreign affairs, Johnson maintained strong relations with the United States, strengthened the UK’s alliance with Ukraine during the Russian invasion in 2022, and engaged in post-Brexit trade negotiations with the EU. His government also played a pivotal role in the AUKUS security pact with the US and Australia, while navigating complex relations with China over Hong Kong and Uyghur human rights issues.
Post-Premiership: 2022–Present
After resigning, Johnson returned to the backbenches and participated in King Charles III’s Accession Council following Queen Elizabeth II’s death. He considered running for party leadership again in 2022 but ultimately declined.
In June 2023, Johnson transitioned back into media, joining the Daily Mail as a columnist and later GB News as a commentator. His resignation as an MP followed a committee report accusing him of misleading Parliament over the Partygate scandal.
Johnson also remained active internationally, expressing support for Israel during the 2023 Hamas-Israel conflict and visiting the country in November 2023. He continued campaigning for the Conservative Party during the 2024 general election, which resulted in a Labour landslide, while publishing his memoir Unleashed in October 2024.
Political Ideology and Public Image
Johnson’s political ideology has been notably flexible and populist, blending conservative nationalism with occasional liberal social policies. He has shifted positions on the European Union, immigration, and climate change over his career, reflecting both political pragmatism and populist appeal.
Public perception of Johnson is highly polarized. Supporters admire his wit, charm, and ability to connect with voters, while critics highlight his alleged dishonesty, scandal-ridden tenure, and chaotic governance. Historians often view his premiership as one of the most controversial in modern British history, marked by significant achievements but overshadowed by repeated ethical and political crises.
Personal Life and Background
Boris Johnson was born with dual British-American citizenship, later renouncing his U.S. citizenship in 2016. He is fluent in French, Italian, German, Spanish, Latin, and Ancient Greek. Johnson has had multiple high-profile relationships, marrying Allegra Mostyn-Owen in 1987, later divorcing, and marrying Marina Wheeler, with whom he has four children. He also fathered children with Helen Macintyre, Jennifer Arcuri, and his current partner Carrie Symonds, whom he married in 2021; they have three children.
Johnson’s ancestry is diverse, encompassing Turkish, German, French, Russian Jewish, and English roots, and he describes himself as a “one-man melting pot.”
His faith has been eclectic, baptized Catholic but confirmed in the Church of England, often identifying more with secular humanism and classical philosophy than with traditional religious practice.
Honours and Recognition
Throughout his career, Johnson has received several honours, including:
Honorary degrees and fellowships, such as from Brunel University and the Royal Institute of British Architects.
Honorary Australian of the Year in the UK (2014).
International recognition, including the Order of Liberty from Ukraine and honorary citizenships of Odesa and Kyiv, acknowledging his support during the Russia–Ukraine conflict.
References
- (No date) The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/boris-johnson (Accessed: 14 January 2025).
- Boris Johnson (2025) Encyclopædia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Boris-Johnson (Accessed: 14 January 2025).
- Boris Johnson (no date) Daily Mail Online. Available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/boris_johnson/index.html (Accessed: 14 January 2025).
- Kottasová, I. et al. (2022) Boris Johnson fined by police over lockdown-breaking parties at UK Government premises, CNN. Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2022/04/12/uk/boris-johnson-uk-pm-coronavirus-fine-intl-gbr/index.html (Accessed: 14 January 2025).
- Rt.. hon. Boris Johnson (2024) Canada Strong & Free Network. Available at: https://canadastrongandfree.network/speakers/boris-johnson/ (Accessed: 14 January 2025).
